May 9 2010
By: Christopher J. Palmese
St. John’s Law Student
American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review Staff
The Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (the “RCRA”) allows the government and private citizens to force parties responsible for the “handling, storage, treatment, transportation or disposal of any solid waste or hazardous waste” to take appropriate action to prevent the potential dangers posed by materials that may “present an imminent and substantial endangerment to health or the environment”.[1] In 2008, the district court for the Southern District of Illinois awarded the Environmental Protection Agency an injunction under section 6973 of the RCRA that ordered Apex Oil Corp. Inc. (“Apex”) to mitigate groundwater contamination at a site where Apex’s corporate predecessor had caused millions of gallons of oil to be trapped underground.
May 5 2010
By: Brendan Gage
St. John's Law Student
American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review Staff
Courts are increasingly divided over whether so-called “hybrid” claims – those involving both goods and services transactions – can qualify as an administrative expense under section 503(b)(9) and, if so, to what extent. Claims characterized as administrative expenses are paid off first whereas claims that fail to meet section 503(b)(9)’s requirements will be deemed unsecured claims which are paid at a lower priority level and rarely in full.[1] A product of BAPCA, section 503(b)(9)[2] creates a specific type of administrative expense claim for “the value of any goods received by the debtor within 20 days before the date of commencement of a case under this title in which the goods have been sold to the debtor in the ordinary course of such debtor's business.”[3] Yet despite this seemingly straightforward language, courts battle over whether goods transactions within hybrid claims can be allocated as individual section 503(b)(9) expenses or whether hybrid claims should be considered indivisible and analyzed wholesale for qualification under section 503(b)(9).[4]
May 4 2010
By: Krystiana L. Gembressi
St. John’s Law Student
American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review Staff
Recently, in In re Dunning Brothers Co.,[1] the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of California affirmed the longstanding tenet that unscheduled assets remain property of the bankruptcy estate indefinitely. The court held that a bankruptcy case that was closed more than seventy years ago could be reopened following the later discovery of certain unscheduled assets.
May 3 2010
By: Lauren E. Stulmaker
St. John’s Law Student
American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review Staff
In a decision with important implications for public sector bankruptcies, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of California held that the rejection of collective bargaining agreements (“CBAs”) in chapter 9 cases is governed by § 365, rather than the enhanced standards of § 1113. [1] However, rather than the relaxed business judgment standard normally applicable to contract rejections under § 365, the court applied the three part test established by the Supreme Court in NLRB v. Bildisco & Bildisco, before letting the City of Vallejo out of its collective bargaining agreements (“CBAs”).[2] The court in In re City of Vallejo, addressed the issue of whether chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code would allow a municipal debtor to reject the CBAs in place for its public sector unions.[3] After the City filed for bankruptcy under chapter 9 and sought to escape the CBAs at issue, the municipal employees sought protection under California’s state labor laws. Because the federal labor laws only govern private sector employment, the city employees attempted to rely on the state labor laws yet the court held that the state laws were entirely preempted by the Bankruptcy Code.[4]
May 2 2010
By: Michael Vanunu
St. John’s Law Student
American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review Staff
It is not uncommon for a chapter 13 debtor to file for bankruptcy after certain assets have already been repossessed. This leaves the courts in the position of having to decide whether a particular creditor can continue to hold the asset it has repossessed, or must return it to the bankruptcy estate. Recently, in a case of first impression for the circuit, the Seventh Circuit, in Thompson v. General Motors Acceptance Corp.,[1] was called upon to determine whether an asset lawfully seized pre-petition must be returned to the estate after debtor files for chapter 13 bankruptcy, and if so, whether the asset must be returned even without a showing by the debtor that he can adequately protect the creditor’s interest.[2] In the case, Thompson had his car repossessed by General Motors Acceptance Corp (“GMAC”), a secured creditor. A few days later Thompson filed for chapter 13, and sought the return of his vehicle from GMAC through the automatic stay provision of § 362(a)(3), which provides that “a petition filed [for bankruptcy] . . . operates as a stay . . . of any act to obtain possession of property of the estate . . . or to exercise control over property of the estate.”[3] GMAC refused because it claimed that Thompson could not adequately protect its interest.[4]
May 1 2010
By: Jacquelyn L. Mascetti
St. John’s Law Student
American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review Staff
Recently the Fifth Circuit, in St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Labuzan,[1]expanded the definition of “individual” in 362(k) to include creditors as parties able to bring an action for a violation of the automatic stay. Debtor, Contractor Technology, Ltd. (“CTL”), construction company owned by the Labuzans. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. (“St. Paul”), the insurer, issued performance and payment bonds on behalf of CTL for its ongoing projects as insurance for the projects owners in case CTL was unable to complete construction. The Labuzans entered into an indemnity agreement with St. Paul and agreed to be held liable if St. Paul had to pay the bonds to the project owners. After facing some financial difficulty, CTL decided to reorganize and voluntarily filed chapter 11. Shortly thereafter, St. Paul contacted the owners of CTL’s current projects and threatened to reduce the bond insurance on the projects if the owners made any payments to CTL for any work done towards the completion of the project.[2] Caving to the threats, the project owners stopped sending payments to CTL, which drained its remaining assets to pay expenses, and forced the company to convert its proposed reorganization into chapter 7 liquidation.
April 29 2010
By: Katarina Galic
St. John’s Law Student
American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review Staff
When do state income taxes become “payable” to taxing authorities for purposes of chapter 13 bankruptcy? This was the precise question the Ninth Circuit recently answered in Joye v. Franchise Tax Bd. (In re Joye).[1] Disagreeing with the Fifth Circuit, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals adopted a liberal view and held that taxes become due when they are “capable of being paid.”[2]
April 28 2010
By: Keith L. Abrams
St. John’s Law Student
American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review Staff
The threshold issue of standing is “an essential and unchanging part of the case-or-controversy requirement of Article III.”[1] In In re Moran,[2] the Sixth Circuit held that a third party appeal of a bankruptcy court order that allowed for abandonment of estate property lacked standing when the only basis for the third party’s appeal was one of an alleged loss of profit.[3] Shortly after declaring bankruptcy, Robert Moran, debtor and a co-shareholder of Airpack, Inc., proposed an agreement with the bankruptcy trustee where the trustee would abandon Moran’s Airpack stock retroactively to the date of the filing of the bankruptcy petition provided Moran paid off all of his creditors’ claims and the bankruptcy trustee’s fees.[4] The stock, once abandoned, pursuant to the Bankruptcy Code would return to the debtor.[5] Thomas Stark, Moran’s co-shareholder in Airpack, Inc., who offered to purchase Moran’s stock from the bankruptcy trustee, filed objections to the abandonment on the grounds that it adversely affected his financial interests.[6] The bankruptcy court approved the arrangement between Moran and the trustee, including the nunc pro tunc abandonment; subsequently, the decision was affirmed by the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel.[7]
April 24 2010
By: Paul Clancy
St. John’s Law Student
American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review Staff
Recently, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware held that the Bankruptcy Code does not permit triangular setoff of debts, notwithstanding pre-petition contracts among parties that contemplate such an exchange.[1] In In re Semcrude, L.P., Chevron Products Company (“Chevron”), the creditor, had entered into separate petroleum-related contracts with three affiliated debtors: Semcrude, L.P., SemFuel, L.P., and SemStream, L.P.[2] Each contract expressly allowed the parties to setoff debts related to the contract or to any other contract between the parties and their affiliates.[3] At the time of the debtors’ bankruptcy filings, Chevron owed a debt to Semcrude, L.P., and was owed a debt from each of SemFuel, L.P. and SemStream, L.P.[4] Chevron moved for relief from the automatic stay to effect a triangular setoff of the debts among itself and the debtors, arguing that the terms of the contracts permitted such a setoff.[5] The court denied Chevron’s motion and held that, regardless of the contract language at issue, section 553 plainly does not allow triangular setoff.[6] The court determined that the contract arrangement did not satisfy the section 553 requirement that debts be mutual in order to be setoff, and that no exception existed that would allow parties to contract around the mutuality requirement.[7]
April 10 2010
By: Leslie M. Hyatt
St. John’s Law Student
American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review Staff
Recently, in In re Egebjerg, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit dismissed, as abusive, a debtor’s chapter 7 petition because it found that the payments owed to the debtor’s 401(k) were not debt and thus, the debtor had excess disposable monthly income.[1] In 2004, the debtor borrowed money from his 401(k) to keep up with financial obligations and personal expenses. To repay the money owed to his 401(k), the debtor had his employer deduct $733.90 from his monthly paycheck. In 2006, the debtor had $31,000 in unsecured consumer debt and filed for chapter 7.[2]